Chapter 1
Computer Fundamentals and Applications
Citizen Investment Trust past exam questions
Past questions and answers
1 question set from this chapter. Most repeated first.
- 2080 · 2nd · 10 marks
Describe the difference between LAN, MAN and WAN with suitable block diagram.
Define software application and write its importance for digitization of an organization.
5+2+3=10
Answer
(a) Difference between LAN, MAN and WAN (5 marks)
| Basis | LAN (Local Area Network) | MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) | WAN (Wide Area Network) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Coverage | Single room, building or campus (up to a few km) | A city or metropolitan area (about 5 to 50 km) | Countries, continents or the whole world |
| Ownership | Usually private, owned by one organization | Private or shared by several organizations or a service provider | Public or leased from telecom operators, often many owners |
| Speed | Very high (100 Mbps to 10 Gbps) | High, but lower than LAN | Lower and more variable |
| Cost | Cheap to set up and maintain | Moderate | Expensive |
| Media | UTP cable, Wi-Fi | Optical fibre, microwave | Leased lines, fibre, satellite, submarine cable |
| Devices | Switch, hub, access point | Routers, high-speed switches | Routers, modems, gateways |
| Error rate | Low | Moderate | Higher |
| Example | Computer lab of a college, an office network | Network linking bank branches across Kathmandu valley | The Internet, a bank's nationwide ATM network |
Block diagram:
LAN MAN WAN
[PC]--[PC] [LAN A] [LAN B] [MAN Kathmandu] [MAN Pokhara]
\ / \ / \ /
[Switch]--[Server] [Backbone fibre ring] [Router]-Internet/Leased-[Router]
/ \ / \
[LAN C] [LAN D] [MAN Biratnagar] [MAN Butwal]
A WAN connects several LANs and MANs through routers over long-distance links, a MAN connects several LANs across a city, and a LAN connects computers within one building.
(b) Software application (2 marks)
A software application is a program, or a set of programs, designed to perform a specific task for the user, such as word processing, accounting, payroll, record keeping or e-mail. Examples are MS Word, Tally, and a Nepal government office's e-Office or vehicle registration system. It runs on top of system software.
(c) Importance of software applications for digitization of an organization (3 marks)
- Automation of work: Routine tasks such as billing, payroll and file movement are done automatically, which saves time and reduces human error.
- Record keeping and data access: Records are stored in databases, so they can be searched, updated and retrieved quickly and safely, and paper files are reduced.
- Faster communication and service: E-mail, online forms and portals let staff and citizens exchange information and receive services without visiting the office.
- Better decisions: Reports and dashboards generated from stored data help management plan and monitor performance.
- Cost saving and transparency: Less paper and manpower is needed, and digital logs make work traceable, which reduces corruption and delay.
Answer checked by Claude Sonnet · Oct 21, 2026
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Questions from CIT Nagarik Lagani Kosh Assistant (Assistant Officer 6th, Administration · 2nd · 2080). Answers are written for this site; check them against your class notes.