Stream I: Common

(d) 12

Nepal has declared 12 national parks (Chitwan, Bardia, Shey Phoksundo, Rara, Langtang, Sagarmatha, Khaptad, Makalu Barun, Shivapuri Nagarjun, Banke, Parsa and Shuklaphanta).

(b) Panthera tigris

Panthera pardus is the leopard, P. uncia the snow leopard and P. leo the lion.

(a) Cervidae

Deer (chital, sambar, barking deer, swamp deer) belong to family Cervidae. Felidae are cats, Bovidae are cattle and antelope, Equidae are horses.

(a) Convention on Biological Diversity

The CBD was adopted at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit. Its three aims are conservation of biodiversity, sustainable use of its components and fair sharing of benefits from genetic resources.

(d) Coupe

A coupe is the area of forest felled in one year (annual felling area) under a working plan. A working circle is a group of forests managed under one treatment, and a beat is the smallest patrol unit.

(b) Stumpage sale

In a stumpage sale the standing trees are sold and the buyer fells and extracts them. A salvage sale deals with dead, damaged or diseased trees.

(c) Crown fire

A crown fire burns through the tops of living trees and shrubs, spreading from crown to crown. A surface fire burns litter and undergrowth, and a ground fire burns humus and peat below the surface.

(d) Shelterwood

The periodic block method divides the rotation into periods, each with a block of forest (P.B.I, II, ...). It is used in even-aged regeneration systems such as the shelterwood (uniform) system, where each block is regenerated in turn during its period.

(c) Tree age

Dendrochronology dates trees by counting and cross-dating annual growth rings.

(c) Government

In Nepal, community forests are national forests handed over to user groups. The government retains ownership of the land. The CFUG holds only the right to manage and use the forest and its products.

(a) DFO

The District Forest Officer approves the operational plan (and its renewal) prepared by the user group, as provided in the Forest Act 1993 and Forest Regulation 1995.

(b) 44.74% of the forest

The Forest Resource Assessment 2015 gives forest cover of 40.36%. Together with other wooded land (4.38%) this is 44.74% of Nepal's land area.

(a) 10 to 15 mother trees per ha

The Scientific Forest Management Guidelines 2014 require well-formed, healthy and seed-bearing mother trees to be retained at about 10 to 15 per ha for natural regeneration.

(c) 6

Nepal has six conservation areas: Annapurna, Kanchenjunga, Manaslu, Gaurishankar, Api Nampa and Blackbuck.

(d) 10

Nepal has 10 Ramsar sites. They include Koshi Tappu, Beeshazari and associated lakes, Ghodaghodi Tal, Jagdishpur Reservoir, Gokyo and associated lakes, Gosaikunda, Phoksundo Lake, Rara Lake, Mai Valley and Mai Pokhari.

(c) Art and science of cultivating forest trees

Silviculture is both the art and the science of establishing, growing and tending forest crops to meet management objectives.

(a) Current Annual Increment

CAI is the actual growth added in a single year. MAI is the total increment up to an age divided by that age.

(c) Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park

Shivapuri Nagarjun, near Kathmandu, covers about 159 km$^2$ and is the smallest national park. Shey Phoksundo (about 3,555 km$^2$) is the largest.

(a) MAI

Mean Annual Increment is the total increment up to a given age divided by that age:

$\text{MAI}=\frac{\text{total yield at age }t}{t}$

(a) Single species

A pure stand consists of one species (usually at least about 80% of the stand), so it is genetically uniform in species composition.

(c) Selection of Research Tools

The usual sequence is problem, objectives, hypothesis, research design and selection of tools, data collection, analysis, then report. So tools are chosen after the hypothesis is formulated and before data collection.

(b) Experimental research

A control group receives no treatment and is compared with the treatment group. This is characteristic of experimental research.

(a) Action research

Action research aims to solve an immediate, practical problem in a specific setting. Fundamental (basic) research seeks general knowledge rather than a direct solution.

(b) Derived demand

Timber is wanted because furniture is wanted, so its demand is derived from the demand for the final product.

(a) Externality

A pollution tax makes the polluter pay the external cost of pollution. This internalises a negative externality using a market-based instrument.