Stream II: Natural Resource Management and Rural Development

(b) Province government

After federalisation, Division Forest Offices work under the Province government (the provincial ministry responsible for forests), not the federal or local level.

(b) Not using water as a fire suppression tool

Water is a standard suppression agent, so refusing to use it is not a good way to fight a forest fire. Creating fire lines, applying suppressant foam and keeping people safe by evacuating are accepted practices.

(c) Province Forest Director

Under the Forest Act 2076, the final decision on a community forest user group taken back by the Division Forest Office rests with the Province forest authority, the Province Forest Director.

(d) All of above

GESI aims to understand gender relations and the division of labour at household, community and national level, to identify empowerment opportunities for targeted groups, and to identify access to and control over resources by gender, class, caste and ethnicity.

(b) GAD

Gender and Development (GAD) holds that sustainable development is possible only when women and men participate equally and gender relations are transformed. WID only integrates women into existing development, and WAD stresses women's role in the economy.

(c) 2050

Nepal's NDC (2020) under the Paris Agreement commits to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.

(a) Glasgow, United Kingdom

COP26 was held in Glasgow in November 2021. COP27 was in Sharm El Sheikh and COP25 in Madrid.

(a) Men

Special target groups (STG) are disadvantaged groups such as women, marginalised groups and conflict victims. Men as a general category are not an STG.

(b) Global warming

Global warming is the rise in the Earth's average surface temperature caused by human-made greenhouse gases. Climate change is broader and includes changes in rainfall, wind and other patterns.

(b) Effects of climate change

Adaptation means adjusting to actual or expected climate effects to reduce harm. Mitigation deals with the causes.

(c) Both of them

Early warning systems for glacial lake outburst floods (GLOF) have been installed at Tsho Rolpa and at Gangapurna lake.

(b) 2045 AD

Nepal's Long-term Strategy for Net-zero Emissions (2021) targets net-zero emissions by 2045. The NDC mentions 2050.

(c) 1997

The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in December 1997 and entered into force in 2005.

(b) Agenda 21

Chapter 13 of Agenda 21, adopted at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit (UNCED), is on managing fragile ecosystems: sustainable mountain development.

(a) Robert Chambers

Robert Chambers wrote Rural Development: Putting the Last First (1983) and is associated with Participatory Rural Appraisal.

(d) All of the above

Social plus economic sustainability gives an equitable outcome. Social plus environmental gives a bearable one. Economic plus environmental gives a viable one. All three pillars together give sustainability.

(c) Aesthetic value

Resources enjoyed for their beauty, such as mountains, waterfalls, sea and landscapes, have aesthetic value.

(c) Tropical forest

In Nepal's classification, tropical forest occurs below about 1000 m. Sub-tropical forest lies at about 1000-2000 m and lower temperate forest above that.

(c) 5

SDG 5 is Gender Equality: achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.

(d) None

Common property resources are managed under regimes such as community-based (common property), state and private management. Capitalist and socialist are economic systems, not models of common property management.

(b) 8 March

International Women's Day is observed every year on 8 March.

(d) Fossil fuel

Sunlight, wind and ocean energy are renewable. Fossil fuels are finite and take millions of years to form.

(d) Biosphere

The biosphere is the zone where the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere meet and support life.

(c) Prof. Muhammad Yunus

Muhammad Yunus founded the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh in 1976, pioneering microcredit, and won the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize.

(d) Himalayas

Polyandry, one woman with several husbands (often brothers), is traditional in Himalayan communities such as parts of Humla, Mustang and Dolpa.