Chapter 8
Public Service
Citizen Investment Trust past exam questions
Past questions and answers
2 questions set from this chapter. Most repeated first.
- 2083 · 1st · 2+3+5 marks
What is a budget? Highlight the Budget Cycle of the Government of Nepal.
Answer
What is a Budget?
A budget is a financial statement that shows the estimated income (revenue) and proposed expenditure (expenses) of the government for a specific period, usually one fiscal year. In Nepal, the fiscal year runs from Shrawan 1 to Ashad end. It is prepared by the Ministry of Finance and presented in Parliament by the Finance Minister. The budget is a legal document that gives the government authority to collect revenue and spend money on public welfare activities such as education, health, infrastructure, and security.
In short, a budget is a plan of expected revenue and expenditure that guides the government's financial activities for the coming fiscal year.
Budget Cycle of the Government of Nepal
The budget cycle refers to the series of stages through which a government budget passes, from preparation to final audit. In Nepal, the budget cycle consists of the following stages:
1. Budget Formulation (Preparation)
- The Ministry of Finance (MoF) issues a budget calendar and circular to all ministries and departments.
- Line ministries prepare their expenditure estimates and submit them to the MoF through the National Planning Commission (NPC).
- The NPC fixes the resource ceiling and the MoF prepares the budget in consultation with the NPC and the National Planning Commission.
- The budget is finalized by the Council of Ministers before presentation.
2. Budget Presentation and Approval (Legislation)
- The Finance Minister presents the annual budget (estimated revenue and expenditure) in the joint session of the Federal Parliament on Jestha 15 (as per the Constitution of Nepal, Article 119).
- The budget is discussed in both the House of Representatives and the National Assembly.
- It is passed through the Finance Bill and Appropriation Bill.
- The budget must be approved by both houses before the start of the fiscal year (Shrawan 1).
3. Budget Execution (Implementation)
- After approval, the budget is implemented by the concerned ministries, departments, and local levels.
- The Financial Comptroller General Office (FCGO) releases funds and controls expenditure.
- Revenue is collected through taxes, fees, and other sources.
- Expenditure is made as per the approved budget and legal procedures.
4. Budget Monitoring and Control
- The MoF, NPC, and line ministries monitor the progress of budget implementation.
- The FCGO keeps records of income and expenditure.
- Parliamentary committees (such as the Public Accounts Committee) also monitor budget execution.
- Mid-term evaluation and review are conducted to check whether the budget is on track.
5. Budget Audit and Reporting
- The Office of the Auditor General (OAG) audits the government's income and expenditure.
- The audit report is submitted to the President and then presented in Parliament.
- The Public Accounts Committee examines the audit report and gives necessary directives.
- The final report is published for public information.
6. Budget Review and Feedback
- Based on the audit report and feedback, the government reviews the weaknesses and strengths of the budget.
- Lessons learned are used in preparing the next fiscal year's budget.
Conclusion
The budget cycle of the Government of Nepal is a continuous and systematic process that starts with formulation and ends with audit and feedback. It ensures financial discipline, accountability, and proper utilization of public funds for the welfare of the people.
Answer checked by Claude Haiku · Oct 21, 2026
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- 2083 · 1st · 2+4+4 marks
Describe the effects of the decentralization of public services in Nepal's federal structure in effectiveness of public service delivery and the ease of access for citizens. What measures are required to make public service delivery more effective, transparent and citizen oriented? Write.
Answer
Citizen Investment Trust — Assistant (Level 4)
१. सार्वजनिक सेवा विकेन्द्रीकरणका प्रभाव (Effects of Decentralization of Public Services)
संघीय संरचनामा सार्वजनिक सेवाको विकेन्द्रीकरणले सेवा प्रवाहको प्रभावकारिता र नागरिकको पहुँचमा निम्न प्रभाव पारेको छ:
सकारात्मक प्रभाव (Positive Effects):
१. सेवा प्रवाहमा प्रभावकारिता: स्थानीय तहमै सेवा उपलब्ध हुँदा नागरिकले काठमाडौं वा जिल्ला सदरमुकाम धाउनु पर्ने बाध्यता हटेको छ। नागरिकता, जन्म–मृत्यु दर्ता, सामाजिक सुरक्षा भत्ता, कृषि अनुदान, सिफारिस जस्ता सेवा वडा तथा पालिका कार्यालयबाटै प्राप्त हुन थालेका छन्।
२. पहुँचमा सहजता: वडा कार्यालयलाई सेवा प्रवाहको पहिलो ढोका बनाइएपछि दुर्गम, पिछडिएका तथा सीमान्तकृत समुदायका नागरिकसम्म सेवा पुग्ने क्रम बढेको छ। समय र लागत दुवैमा बचत भएको छ।
३. जवाफदेहिता र सहभागिता: स्थानीय जनप्रतिनिधिमार्फत योजना तथा बजेट निर्माण हुँदा नागरिकको सहभागिता बढेको छ र सेवा प्रदायकप्रति जवाफदेहिता बढाउन सहयोग पुगेको छ।
४. स्थानीय आवश्यकता अनुकूल सेवा: स्थानीय सरकारले आफ्नो क्षेत्रको भौगोलिक, सामाजिक र आर्थिक अवस्था अनुसार सेवा परिभाषित गर्न सक्ने भएकाले सेवा बढी सान्दर्भिक बनेका छन्।
चुनौतीपूर्ण पक्ष (Challenges):
१. संघ, प्रदेश र स्थानीय तहबीच समन्वय तथा अधिकार बाँडफाँटमा अस्पष्टता। २. स्थानीय तहमा दक्ष जनशक्ति, प्राविधिक क्षमता र स्रोतको अभाव। ३. वित्तीय हस्तान्तरण ढिलो हुनु र स्थानीय राजनीतिक प्रभावका कारण सेवामा भेदभाव। ४. सूचना प्रविधिको सीमित प्रयोगले ग्रामीण क्षेत्रमा सेवा पहुँच अझै कमजोर।
२. सार्वजनिक सेवा प्रवाहलाई प्रभावकारी, पारदर्शी र नागरिकमुखी बनाउन आवश्यक उपायहरू (Measures Required)
सेवा प्रवाहलाई प्रभावकारी, पारदर्शी र नागरिकमुखी बनाउन निम्न उपाय आवश्यक छन्:
१. कानुनी स्पष्टता र अधिकार बाँडफाँट: संघ, प्रदेश र स्थानीय तहबीच सेवा अधिकारको स्पष्ट सूची (Schedule) बनाई दोहोरोपन हटाउनु पर्ने।
२. क्षमता विकास: स्थानीय तहका कर्मचारीलाई नियमित तालिम, प्रविधिमैत्री शिक्षा र व्यवसायिक विकासको अवसर दिनु पर्ने।
३. डिजिटल सेवा विस्तार: अनलाइन आवेदन, इ–भुक्तानी, डिजिटल हस्ताक्षर र एकीकृत सेवा पोर्टलमार्फत सेवा सहज, छिटो र पारदर्शी बनाउनु पर्ने।
४. सेवा मापदण्ड र नागरिक बडापत्र: प्रत्येक सेवाको समयसीमा, शुल्क र प्रक्रिया स्पष्ट उल्लेख गरी नागरिक बडापत्र (Citizen Charter) लागू गर्नु पर्ने।
५. जवाफदेहिता र गुनासो सुनुवाइ: सामाजिक परीक्षण, सार्वजनिक सुनुवाइ, हेल्प डेस्क र अनलाइन गुनासो व्यवस्थापन प्रणाली सुदृढ गर्नु पर्ने।
६. वित्तीय अनुशासन र स्रोत सुनिश्चितता: समयमै बजेट हस्तान्तरण, स्थानीय स्रोत परिचालन र भ्रष्टाचार नियन्त्रणका लागि कडा अनुगमन।
७. समावेशी सेवा: महिला, दलित, जनजाति, अपाङ्गता भएका व्यक्ति तथा सीमान्तकृत समुदायको पहुँच सुनिश्चित गर्न विशेष व्यवस्था।
८. समन्वयात्मक संयन्त्र: तीनै तहका सरकारबीच अन्तर–सरकारी समन्वय परिषद् तथा सूचना आदानप्रदान प्रणाली सक्रिय बनाउनु पर्ने।
निष्कर्ष (Conclusion)
संघीयतासँगै सार्वजनिक सेवाको विकेन्द्रीकरणले नागरिकको पहुँच र सहभागिता बढाएको छ। तर समन्वय, क्षमता र पारदर्शिताको अभावले अपेक्षित परिणाम दिन सकेको छैन। त्यसैले डिजिटल प्रविधि, नागरिक बडापत्र, जवाफदेहिता र समावेशीकरणमा जोड दिँदै सेवा प्रवाहलाई सरल, छिटो र नागरिकमुखी बनाउनु आजको आवश्यकता हो।
Answer checked by Claude Haiku · Oct 21, 2026
Test yourself · 2 MCQs
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Questions from CIT Nagarik Lagani Kosh Lok Sewa (Assistant/ Administrative Assistant/ Account Assistant 4th · 1st · 2083) and Nagarik Lagani Kosh Lok Sewa Assistant (Assistant 4th · 2nd · 2083). Answers are written for this site; check them against your class notes.