Language Test (Law stream)

The word democracy is generally understood to mean a system of government of the people, by the people and for the people. Because of reasons such as population, geography, economic cost and procedure, it is not possible for the people themselves to take part directly in every activity. For this reason the practice of choosing certain persons to represent the people began, and this practice developed into the modern electoral system. Elections have become established as the backbone of democracy. The standards and processes of elections are also of various kinds. In plain language, the method Nepal has adopted for elections at the local, provincial and federal (House of Representatives) levels is the system in which the candidate who receives the most votes among the candidates is elected. Critics call this method one in which an elected minority rules over the majority.

(क) सार्वजनिक निकायको प्रमुख वा सूचना अधिकारीले सूचना नदिएको, सूचना दिन अस्वीकार गरेको, आंशिक वा गलत सूचना दिएको वा सूचना नष्ट गरेको कारणले कुनै व्यक्तिलाई हानि–नोक्सानी भएमा त्यस्तो व्यक्तिले सूचना प्राप्त नभएको, आंशिक वा गलत सूचना प्राप्त भएको वा सूचनामा रोक लगाइएको मितिले तीन महिनाभित्र क्षतिपूर्तिको लागि आयोगसमक्ष निवेदन दिन सक्नेछ ।

(ख) उपदफा (क) बमोजिम परेको निवेदन छानबिनबाट मनासिब देखिएमा आयोगले वास्तविक हानि–नोक्सानीलाई विचार गरी सम्बन्धित निकायबाट निवेदकलाई मनासिब रकम क्षतिपूर्ति दिलाउन सक्नेछ ।

भ्रष्टाचारले राज्यको स्रोत र साधन दुरुपयोग गरी सुशासन, न्याय र विकासलाई कमजोर बनाउँछ । कानून अध्ययन गर्ने विद्यार्थीसँग कानुनी ज्ञान र तर्कशक्ति हुने भएकाले उसले भ्रष्टाचार न्यूनीकरणमा महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका खेल्न सक्छ । उसका मुख्य भूमिका यस प्रकार छन्:

(१) आफू इमानदार हुनु: विद्यार्थीले पहिले आफ्नै व्यवहारमा इमानदारी, पारदर्शिता र नैतिकता अपनाउनुपर्छ । परीक्षामा नक्कल नगर्ने, घुस नदिने र नलिने तथा कुनै अनुचित सुविधा नखोज्ने आचरणले उसले अरूका लागि उदाहरण बन्छ ।

(२) कानुनी ज्ञान र चेतना फैलाउने: भ्रष्टाचार निवारण ऐन, सम्पत्ति शुद्धीकरण निवारण ऐन, सूचनाको हक सम्बन्धी ऐन आदिबारे आफ्नो परिवार, समाज र समुदायलाई जानकारी दिनुपर्छ । नागरिकले आफ्ना अधिकार र सेवाको मापदण्ड थाहा पाएपछि घुस दिनुपर्ने बाध्यता घट्छ ।

(३) सूचनाको हकको प्रयोग र निगरानी: सार्वजनिक निकायका निर्णय, खर्च र खरिद प्रक्रियाबारे सूचना माग्ने तथा सामाजिक परीक्षण र सार्वजनिक सुनुवाईमा सहभागी भएर निगरानी गर्न सकिन्छ ।

(४) उजुरी र सहयोग: भ्रष्टाचारका घटना देखेमा अख्तियार दुरुपयोग अनुसन्धान आयोग, सम्बन्धित निकाय वा प्रहरीमा उजुरी गर्न नागरिकलाई सहयोग गर्न सकिन्छ । कानूनी सहायता शिविर वा क्लिनिकमार्फत गरिब र पीडितलाई निःशुल्क परामर्श दिन सकिन्छ ।

(५) अनुसन्धान, लेखन र वकालत: कानुनमा रहेका कमजोरी पहिल्याएर सुधारका सुझाव दिने, लेख लेख्ने, छलफल र बहस आयोजना गर्ने र सञ्चारमाध्यममार्फत जनचेतना जगाउने कार्य गर्न सकिन्छ ।

(६) भावी पेसागत आचरण: भोलि वकिल, न्यायाधीश, अधिकृत वा नीति निर्माता बनेपछि पेसागत आचारसंहिताको पालना गर्ने, मुद्दालाई प्रभावित गर्ने कुनै प्रलोभनमा नपर्ने दृढ संकल्प अहिलेदेखि बनाउनुपर्छ ।

निष्कर्षमा, कानूनका विद्यार्थीले आफ्नो इमानदारी, ज्ञान र सक्रियताद्वारा भ्रष्टाचारविरुद्ध सशक्त सामाजिक वातावरण निर्माण गर्न सक्छन् ।

If I were elected Mayor of my municipality, I would treat the office as a duty of service and focus on a few clear priorities.

1. Good governance and transparency. I would make the budget, contracts and decisions public, run a citizen help desk, hold regular public hearings and use an online complaint system. Zero tolerance for corruption would be my rule, so that services are delivered on time without bribes.

2. Education and health. I would improve school buildings, libraries, laboratories and computer access, and support scholarships for poor and marginalised children. I would also make sure every ward health post has staff, medicine, ambulances and maternal and child care.

3. Infrastructure and basic services. Priority would go to roads, bridges, safe drinking water, electricity, drainage and sanitation, planned through ward-level consultation so that the neediest areas come first.

4. Waste management and environment. I would introduce waste segregation and collection, recycling, clean public toilets, tree planting, protection of rivers and open spaces, and preparation for floods, landslides and earthquakes.

5. Employment and local economy. I would support agriculture, cottage industries and tourism, give skills training and small loans to youth and women, and create a local market for farmers.

6. Inclusion and social security. I would ensure that women, Dalits, indigenous communities, people with disabilities and senior citizens are represented in planning and receive their entitlements.

7. Cooperation. I would work with the provincial and federal governments, schools, businesses and civil society so that resources are used efficiently.

With honest leadership and public participation, I believe these priorities can make my municipality prosperous, clean and just.

In essence, our local levels have been unable to rise above the mentality of the sanitation office (safai adda) established by the then Shree 3. The local level has kept its sole focus (like Arjuna's eye on the bird) on roads and garbage. If local levels continue to be run in this manner, we will be compelled to suffer the dangerous consequences of federalism. On the day those consequences reach us, we will already have become helpless. The intention is not to spread despair, but a solution is never sought until the problem is acknowledged. Let us accept a problem as a problem and search for solutions. The solutions are very simple and easy. As Noam Chomsky said, sometimes solutions are so simple that we hesitate to accept them as solutions.

यौनजन्य हिंसा बढ्नुका प्रमुख कारणहरू

हाम्रो समाजमा यौनजन्य हिंसा बढ्नुका कारणहरू बहुआयामिक छन्, जसमध्ये मुख्य कारणहरू यी हुन सक्छन् ।

1. पितृसत्तात्मक सोच: महिलालाई पुरुषभन्दा कमजोर र अधीनस्थ ठान्ने मानसिकताले हिंसालाई बढावा दिन्छ ।
2. शिक्षा र चेतनाको कमी: यौनशिक्षा, सहमति (consent) र लैङ्गिक समानताबारे पर्याप्त ज्ञान नहुँदा गलत व्यवहार हुन्छ ।
3. कमजोर कानुन कार्यान्वयन: दोषीले सजाय नपाउने, मुद्दा लामो समय तानिने र प्रभावशाली व्यक्तिले उन्मुक्ति पाउने अवस्थाले अपराधीलाई निर्धक्क बनाउँछ ।
4. लाज र सामाजिक बदनामीको डर: पीडितले घटना लुकाउने र उजुरी नगर्ने हुँदा अपराध दोहोरिन्छ ।
5. गरिबी र बेरोजगारी: आर्थिक रूपमा निर्भर महिला तथा बालबालिका जोखिममा पर्छन्; बेरोजगार युवामा निराशा र विचलन बढ्छ ।
6. लागुपदार्थ र मदिराको दुर्व्यसन: आत्मनियन्त्रण गुमाउँदा हिंसाका घटना बढ्छन् ।
7. अश्लील सामग्री र सञ्चारमाध्यम/इन्टरनेटको दुरुपयोग: विकृत सामग्रीले महिलालाई वस्तुका रूपमा हेर्ने दृष्टिकोण बनाउँछ ।
8. पारिवारिक सम्बन्ध र नैतिक शिक्षामा ह्रास: अभिभावक र बालबालिकाबीच संवाद कम हुनु र मूल्य-मान्यता कमजोर हुनु ।

समाधानका उपाय: स्कुलदेखि नै यौनशिक्षा र लैङ्गिक समानताको शिक्षा दिने, कानुनको कडा र छिटो कार्यान्वयन गर्ने, पीडितलाई सुरक्षित उजुरी प्रणाली र परामर्श उपलब्ध गराउने, जनचेतना अभियान चलाउने र आर्थिक सशक्तीकरण गर्ने ।

काठमाडौँको नयाँ बानेश्वर क्षेत्रबाट सडक पसलेहरूले आफ्ना पसल हटाउन थालेका छन् । काठमाडौँ महानगरपालिकाले पैदलमार्ग क्षेत्रलाई व्यापार, पार्किङ र अन्य प्रयोजनका लागि प्रयोग नगर्न सूचना जारी गरेपछि पैदलमार्गमा हुने व्यापार हराउन थालेको छ । पैदलमार्गको व्यापारको समस्या घटे पनि अव्यवस्थित पार्किङको समस्या पहिलेकै जस्तो छ । पैदलमार्गको व्यापार हटेसँगै सर्वसाधारणलाई हिँड्न सजिलो भएको छ । तर पार्किङको समस्या अझै ज्यूँका त्यूँ छ, जसले पैदल यात्रुका लागि पूर्ण रूपमा सजिलो बनाएको छैन ।

Many factors affect children's education at school level and prevent them from performing as well as they wish.

1. Poverty and economic hardship: Families that cannot afford fees, books, uniforms or meals often send children to work, or withdraw them from school.
2. Poor school environment: Lack of qualified teachers, classrooms, toilets, libraries and laboratories reduces the quality of learning.
3. Lack of parental support and awareness: Uneducated or busy parents may not value education or help with homework.
4. Health and nutrition problems: Hungry or sick children cannot concentrate or attend regularly.
5. Distance and geography: In remote areas, long and risky walks to school cause absenteeism.
6. Child labour and early marriage: These force children, especially girls, to leave school.
7. Social discrimination: Gender, caste and disability-based discrimination limit opportunities.
8. Language barrier and outdated teaching methods: Rote learning and a medium of instruction different from the home language make learning hard.
9. Distractions and psychological pressure: Excessive mobile or social media use, bullying, exam stress and family conflict harm performance.

Remedies: Free and compulsory education, mid-day meals, trained and motivated teachers, safe and well-equipped schools, parent awareness programmes, scholarships, and counselling services can help every child to achieve their potential.