English I

"New Nepal" refers to the vision of a Nepal rebuilt after the fall of the monarchy and the end of the Maoist conflict: a federal, democratic, secular republic. It is based on inclusion, equality and social justice for women, Dalits, Janajatis, Madhesis and other long-marginalised groups, together with peace, prosperity and an end to feudal, centralised and discriminatory structures.

Imperialism is the policy or practice by which a powerful nation extends its power over other countries or territories through colonisation, military force, or economic and political control. The aim is to dominate their land, resources and people for the imperial power's own benefit.

In "The Etiquette of Freedom", human beings should behave in the natural world as respectful guests, not as masters. They should live in harmony with nature, take only what they need and avoid exploiting or destroying it. They should treat all living things with humility and care, and let wild things stay free in their own places.

A metaphor is a figure of speech that describes one thing as another, without "like" or "as", to suggest a likeness (e.g. "Time is a thief").

Metonymy is a figure of speech in which something is referred to by the name of something closely associated with it (e.g. "the crown" for the monarchy, "the pen" for writing).

In Virginia Woolf's "Professions for Women", the "Angel in the House" stands for the ideal Victorian woman: sweet, charming, selfless, sympathetic, pure, and always sacrificing her own wishes for others, especially men. Woolf says she had to kill this phantom, because it stopped women from writing honestly and thinking independently.

1. Critics said, "It is likely that the new film will break box-office records."
2. My doctor told me, "You will feel much better if you do some exercise."

1. Sorry I wasn't able to get out to meet you last night but I had to babysit for some friends. ("can" has no past form for a single specific occasion.)
2. One day, we will be able to cure many common illnesses. ("can" has no future form.)

1. bite: bitten
2. bring: brought

1. Heavy rain caused a landslide after many trees on the hillside had been felled.
2. A severe famine in the south of the country left thousands starving.

1. If only I didn't have to go out tonight. The football Cup Final is on TV. (a wish about the present: past form after "if only")
2. I do wish you would listen more carefully. I've said the same thing three times already. ("wish ... would" expresses annoyance at someone's present behaviour.)

Pablo Neruda's "Here I Love You" is a love poem in which the speaker, far from his beloved, expresses a love that is intense, lonely and yearning.

• Setting and nature imagery: The speaker is by the sea, among pines, fog, wind, waves and stars. These shifting images mirror his feelings, so love is expressed through the natural world.
• Longing and absence: The beloved is not present, and he feels her absence deeply. The ship lights, the gull and the evening show his loneliness and his wish to be near her.
• Passion and sadness: Love is both tender and painful. He loves her even when she is "far away", and his love grows even in silence and distance.
• Simple, musical language: Short lines, repetition ("I love you") and vivid images give the poem a lyrical, intimate tone.

It is a love poem because love fills every image and feeling, even though the beloved is absent.

1. easel (the others belong to films; an easel is for painting)
2. canvas (plot and chapter belong to a story or book; canvas belongs to painting)
3. sketch (lyrics and tune belong to music; a sketch is a drawing)
4. gallery (clip and premiere belong to films; a gallery is where art is displayed)
5. landscape (stage and rehearsal belong to theatre; landscape belongs to painting or scenery)

In Nepal, tradition has expected a daughter to be obedient, helpful at home, and to do household work such as cooking, cleaning, fetching water and caring for younger siblings and elders. She has been expected to marry, leave her parental home and serve her husband's family. In the story "Girl", the daughter is taught from childhood how to behave, work and keep a good reputation, and she is constantly instructed and corrected.

In my view, such narrow roles are unfair and need to change. A daughter should have an equal right to education, to choose her profession and her partner, to take part in decisions and to earn and own property. Household duties should be shared equally between sons and daughters. In modern Nepal, daughters are teachers, doctors, pilots, politicians and entrepreneurs, and they care for their parents as well as sons do. Gender roles should be based on ability and choice, not on sex.

In the essay "Jest and Earnest" the writer's view is that God created the universe in jest, as an act of playful delight, rather than in grim earnest.

Reasons

• The universe is full of variety, wonder and playfulness, such as odd animals, colours, shapes and sounds, which suggests joy and artistry rather than a stern purpose.
• Much of nature has no practical use. Its beauty and the pleasure we take in it show that it was made with a light heart.
• Human life itself contains humour, surprise and absurdity, so the creator seems to have a sense of fun.
• If the universe were made in strict earnest, there would be no room for laughter, beauty or play. A creator who was both serious and joyful is hard to imagine without allowing for jest.

Thus creation is best seen as a joyful, creative play, with earnestness in how we respond to it.

"The Hundredth Dove" teaches that unity is strength and selfish greed leads to ruin. When a flock of doves was trapped in a hunter's net, they flew up together, carrying the net with them, and escaped. Co-operation saved them, while quarrelling or each pulling a different way would have meant death.

The tale also teaches that a leader should be wise and care for the group, that we should trust and help one another in danger, and that teamwork can overcome even great difficulties.

1. No sooner had the firemen extinguished one forest fire than another started.
2. Never before have I been so petrified as when I did a parachute jump.
3. I suspect that only much later from now will we find out the cause of the explosion.
4. Little do we know at the moment where the ability to clone humans might lead.
5. Under no circumstances are passengers permitted to smoke on the flight.

1. His back was aching because he had been digging in the garden all day.
2. Is your father working abroad at present?
3. Maria left college early today because she had a dental appointment an hour ago.
4. As soon as it stops raining, we will take the dog for a walk.
5. My neighbor couldn't stop because his bus was leaving and he didn't want to miss it.

PROPOSAL: Representing Nepal at the International Cultural Festival, London

To: The Festival Organizer From: Nepal Representative, Planning Committee Date: [Date]

1. Purpose

This proposal suggests what should be included to represent Nepal's culture at the festival and explains why each item will interest an international audience.

2. Proposed Programme

• Traditional music and dance: Performances of folk dances such as the Maruni, Lakhey and Sorathi, with the madal, sarangi and flute. Nepal's music is lively and colourful, and visitors can join in.
• Food stall: Momo, dal bhat, sel roti, chiya and Newari delicacies, so visitors can taste Nepal directly.
• Handicrafts and clothing display: Thangka paintings, pashmina, dhaka fabric, wood carvings and singing bowls, with a live demonstration of artisans at work.
• Festival and religious heritage: A short exhibition and photo display on Dashain, Tihar, Buddha's birthplace Lumbini, Kathmandu's temples and the Himalayas.
• Tourism corner: A stall promoting trekking, wildlife and mountaineering, including Mount Everest.
• Traditional costumes and cultural parade: Participants in the dress of Nepal's many ethnic groups, showing unity in diversity.

3. Why These Aspects Will Interest the Audience

Nepal is a multi-ethnic, multi-religious country with unusually rich culture for its size. Music, food and craft give a hands-on experience that visitors remember. Spiritual heritage and the Himalayas attract Western interest, and the programme will promote Nepali tourism and cultural exchange.

4. Requirements

A stage and sound system, about 10 stalls, display boards, and a team of around 20 performers and volunteers.

5. Conclusion

We believe this programme will give a lively and authentic picture of Nepal and make the festival more diverse. We would be pleased to discuss details at your convenience.

Use of Environment-Friendly Means of Transportation in the 21st Century

Transport is essential to modern life, but it is also one of the biggest sources of pollution. In the 21st century, with climate change a pressing problem, the use of environment-friendly means of transportation has become necessary rather than optional. This essay discusses why they matter, what forms they take, and what must be done to promote them.

Firstly, petrol and diesel vehicles release carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and fine particles that warm the planet and cause asthma, heart disease and smog in cities such as Kathmandu and Delhi. Clean transport reduces these emissions and improves public health. Its use also lessens dependence on imported fuel, which is a heavy burden on countries like Nepal.

Secondly, there are many practical alternatives. Electric vehicles, including cars, scooters, buses and the trolleybus, produce no exhaust and can run on hydropower. Cycling and walking are free and healthy, and public transport such as metro, trams and buses carries many people with far less pollution per passenger. Hybrid vehicles and biofuels are further choices.

However, there are obstacles. Electric vehicles cost more at first, charging stations are few, and many people prefer the comfort of private cars. Poor public transport and inadequate cycle lanes discourage change.

To overcome these obstacles, governments should offer tax relief and subsidies, build charging stations, improve public transport, and design cities for pedestrians and cyclists. Citizens, for their part, can share rides and choose greener options.

In conclusion, environment-friendly transport is vital for a healthy planet and a sustainable future. If governments, businesses and individuals work together, the 21st century can have cleaner air and a lower carbon footprint.

Movement between freedom and bondage

In "The Parrot in the Cage" the speaker moves back and forth between the idea of freedom and the reality of bondage. The caged parrot has food, shelter and safety, which seem like comforts, but it has lost its natural freedom, flight and voice. Its life is routine and artificial, and it repeats the words it was taught instead of speaking for itself. The speaker sets this against the open sky and the free birds outside, so the reader sees that physical comfort without liberty is really imprisonment. The poem keeps shifting between the cage's apparent security and the longing to fly, and shows that even the captive may come to accept bondage, which is the worst kind.

The parrot as a symbol of Nepalese society under the Ranas

The Rana regime (1846-1951) was a hereditary autocracy in which the Shah king was a figurehead and the Rana prime ministers ruled absolutely. The parrot symbolises the Nepali people of that time:

• The cage stands for the Rana system of repression. People were denied education, free speech, press, politics and movement, and those who spoke against the rulers were jailed or exiled.
• The parrot's captivity stands for the lack of liberty. Ordinary Nepalis were kept ignorant and dependent so that they would not question the rulers.
• Fed by the owner stands for the people's dependence on rulers who gave a little in return for obedience. Such small favours made people docile.
• Repeating learned words stands for a society allowed to say only what the rulers permitted.
• The longing for the open sky stands for the hunger for freedom, democracy and education that finally led to the movement of 1950-51.

Thus the poem uses a simple image to criticise tyranny, and it invites readers to value freedom above comfort and to resist oppression.

Only partly. Stopping the killing of street dogs is a step toward recognising animal rights, but it does not by itself show that policy makers have fully understood them.

The essay's argument

In "The Rights of Animals", Peter Singer-style reasoning is used: animals can feel pain and pleasure, and so their interests deserve equal consideration. Treating them cruelly merely because they belong to another species is "speciesism", a prejudice similar to racism or sexism. The essay argues that animals have a right not to be made to suffer, killed or exploited without need.

Evidence that the change reflects some awareness

• Killing dogs with poison or cruel methods inflicted great suffering, and ending it respects the right not to be harmed needlessly.
• Municipal programmes now vaccinate, sterilise and shelter dogs, which treats them as beings with interests.
• Animal welfare groups and public opinion have pushed policy makers to take animal suffering seriously.

Why it is not enough

• The change may have come from public pressure or concern about rabies and cost, not from a belief in animal rights.
• Many street dogs still suffer from hunger, disease, accidents and neglect. Animals in farms, slaughterhouses, transport and entertainment are still treated cruelly.
• Real recognition of rights requires laws against cruelty, enforcement, shelters, adoption, and education about animals.

Conclusion

Ending the killing of street dogs shows a move toward humane treatment, so in that sense the policy makers have begun to realise animals' rights. But according to the essay, true recognition means considering animals' interests equally in all our actions, and Nepal still has a long way to go.

i. Why become a "detective"?

A proposal is "like a marriage between two companies", so the writer must understand the customer before offering anything. By studying the customer's products, strategies, culture and problems, from annual reports, news releases and industry reports, HP can find the customer's "hot buttons", the issues it will respond to most. The proposal can then be tailored to its real needs, goals and values, which makes it more persuasive and more likely to win. A generic proposal would ignore these concerns and be less competitive. The research also helps HP choose the right "differentiators" and avoid mistakes.

ii. Proposal for a Fortune 500 company

The team should investigate:

• Company profile: history, size, structure, products, markets, financial condition and growth plans.
• Strategy and goals: current priorities, expansion plans, technology plans and challenges.
• Culture: values, decision-making style, key decision makers, and how they view technology and suppliers.
• Needs and hot buttons: what the RFP stresses (cost, quality, speed, service, security) and what problems it wants solved.
• Competitors: who else is bidding, and what makes HP different.
• Industry: trends, regulations and economic conditions.

Sources: the customer's annual report, website, press releases and RFP; industry and market reports; business magazines, newspapers and databases; stock market and analyst reports; HP's own sales account managers and past records; and interviews or meetings with the customer's staff.

iii. Most important part

The executive summary (Section 1) is the most important part, and it receives the most attention because it is the real selling tool. It should include:

• the customer's hot buttons and needs, and the proposal criteria set out in the RFP;
• a clear response to every customer issue;
• HP's "differentiators", showing what makes it stand out from competitors;
• possibly a brief history of HP, but with the main focus on the customer.

Busy decision makers often read only this section, so it must be clear, persuasive and customer-centred.