Chapter 5 · 12 hours
Physical Structure and Life Processes
SEE past exam questions
Past questions and answers
80 questions set from this chapter, 5 of them more than once; 2 are most repeated (set, or a close variant set, in 3 or more exams). Most repeated first.
- Most repeated · 5 of 31 exams
- Asked 4 times
- 2080 Chaitra · Lumbini · 1 mark
- 2080 Chaitra · Sudurpashchim · 1 mark
- 2082 Chaitra · Lumbini · 1 mark
- 2079 Chaitra · Lumbini · 1 mark
What is the name of the blood vessel that carries blood from heart to lungs?
Similar questions: Vessels heart-lungs both ways (2080 Chaitra · Koshi)
Answer
The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs.
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- Most repeated · 5 of 31 exams
- 2080 Chaitra · Koshi · 2 marks
Write the name of the blood vessels which carries blood from heart to lungs and lungs to heart.
Similar questions: Vessel from heart to lungs (2082 Chaitra · Lumbini)
Answer
Heart to lungs: pulmonary artery (carries deoxygenated blood).
Lungs to heart: pulmonary vein (carries oxygenated blood).
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- Asked 2 times
- 2081 Chaitra · Karnali · 4 marks
- 2082 Chaitra · Karnali · 4 marks
Following results were obtained when the blood samples of four people were tested.
- A: RBC count is low
- B: WBC count is high
- C: Platelets count is low
- D: amount of sugar is high
(i) The person with which blood sample bleeds more during injuries.
(ii) The person with which blood sample becomes tired even after a short walk?
(iii) The person with which blood sample needs to take antibiotic?
(iv) The person with which blood sample could have problems in kidney.
Figure: Table of persons A-D with blood test results.
Answer
(i) Sample C (low platelets). Platelets help in blood clotting, so with too few of them bleeding does not stop easily.
(ii) Sample A (low RBC count). This is anemia. Less haemoglobin means less oxygen reaches the muscles, so the person tires quickly.
(iii) Sample B (high WBC count). It shows infection in the body, so antibiotics are needed to kill the germs.
(iv) Sample D (high sugar). Persistently high blood sugar (diabetes) damages the kidneys, which filter the blood.
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- Asked 2 times
- 2081 Chaitra · Lumbini · 4 marks
- 2080 Chaitra · Madhesh · 2 marks
Sketch a diagram of internal structure of heart and name the pulmonary valve and bicuspid valve.
Answer
Internal structure of the human heart:
Vena cava (from body) Pulmonary vein (from lungs)
| |
v v
+------------------+ +------------------+
| Right auricle | | Left auricle |
+------------------+ +------------------+
| tricuspid valve | bicuspid (mitral) valve
v v
+------------------+ +------------------+
| Right ventricle | | Left ventricle |
+------------------+ +------------------+
| pulmonic valve | aortic valve
v v
Pulmonary artery (to lungs) Aorta (to body)
- Pulmonary (pulmonic) valve: at the opening of the pulmonary artery, between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
- Bicuspid (mitral) valve: between the left auricle and the left ventricle.
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- Asked 2 times
- 2082 Asar · Grade increment · 4 marks
- 2082 Chaitra · Madhesh · 4 marks
Study the given diagram and answer the following questions:
(a) name part 'A'.
(b) Write down a function of part 'B'.
(c) Write down any two differences between parts 'C' and 'D'.
Figure: Diagram of the human heart with labelled parts A, B, C, D (C and D point to the large vessels at the top of the heart: C and D are the aorta and the pulmonary artery region; A and B point to chambers/vessels on the left of the drawing).
Answer
(a) Part A is the vena cava, the large vein that brings deoxygenated blood from the body to the right auricle of the heart.
(b) Part B (right auricle) receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the vena cava and passes it to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.
(c) Differences between C (aorta) and D (pulmonary artery):
| Aorta (C) | Pulmonary artery (D) |
|---|---|
| Arises from the left ventricle | Arises from the right ventricle |
| Carries oxygenated blood to the whole body | Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs |
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- Asked 2 times
- 2081 Chaitra · Karnali · 1 mark
- 2079 Chaitra · Madhesh · 1 mark
What does carbogen indicate?
(a) Mixture of carbon dioxide and nitrogen
(b) Mixture of carbon dioxide and hydrogen
(c) Mixture of carbon dioxide and water
(d) Mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen
Answer
(d) Mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
Carbogen contains about 5% carbon dioxide and 95% oxygen.
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- 2081 Chaitra · Gandaki · 4 marks
Write any two causes of high blood pressure and two preventive measures of it.
Similar questions: High BP symptoms and prevention
Answer
Causes of high blood pressure (any two):
- Obesity and eating too much salty and fatty food.
- Smoking, alcohol, and mental stress or tension.
Preventive measures (any two):
- Take a balanced diet low in salt and fat and eat more fruits and vegetables.
- Exercise regularly, avoid smoking and alcohol, and keep stress under control.
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- 2081 Chaitra · Koshi · 4 marks
Write any two causes and two preventive measures of heart-attack.
Answer
Causes (any two):
- Blockage of the coronary arteries by fat (cholesterol) deposits.
- Smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes and obesity.
Preventive measures (any two):
- Eat a low-fat, low-salt diet and avoid junk food.
- Exercise regularly, avoid smoking and alcohol, and manage stress.
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- 2080 Chaitra · Koshi · 4 marks
External structure of the heart is shown in the given diagram.
(i) In which part of them, a stent is kept during angioplasty?
(ii) Which part carries blood from heart to lungs?
(iii) Which valve remains closed when C contracts?
(iv) Which of them brings blood into the heart?
Figure: External view of the heart with labelled parts A, B, C, D and F: B and A are vessels at the top, F is on the right side, C and D are labelled on the left side of the heart.
Answer
(i) The coronary artery (the vessel on the heart surface, which supplies the heart muscle). A stent is placed here during angioplasty.
(ii) The pulmonary artery carries blood from the heart to the lungs.
(iii) Bicuspid (mitral) valve, which closes when the left ventricle (C) contracts, so blood is forced into the aorta and not back into the auricle.
(iv) The vena cava (and pulmonary vein) brings blood into the heart.
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- 2082 Chaitra · Gandaki · 4 marks
External structure of the heart is shown in the given diagram:
(a) In which part of the heart shown in the figure, stent is kept during angioplasty?
(b) Which part carries blood from heart to lungs?
(c) Which valve remains closed while part 'C' contracts?
(d) Write the function of part 'E'.
Figure: External view of the heart with labelled parts A, B, C, D, E: B and D are vessels at the top (arch region), A is on the surface of the heart (coronary vessels), C is on the lower/ventricle side, and E is the large vessel at the bottom (vena cava).
Answer
(a) The coronary artery (A), on the surface of the heart. The stent keeps the blocked artery open.
(b) The pulmonary artery carries blood from the heart to the lungs.
(c) The bicuspid (mitral) valve remains closed when the ventricle C contracts. It stops blood flowing back into the auricle.
(d) Part E is the vena cava. It brings deoxygenated blood from the body to the right auricle of the heart.
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- 2080 Chaitra · Gandaki · 2+2 marks
Write any two differences between artery and vein. How does blood flow from right ventricle to left auricle? Explain.
Answer
Differences between artery and vein (any two):
| Artery | Vein |
|---|---|
| Carries blood away from the heart | Carries blood towards the heart |
| Thick, elastic wall; narrow cavity | Thin wall; wide cavity |
| Valves absent | Valves present |
Flow from right ventricle to left auricle: Right ventricle contracts and pushes deoxygenated blood through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs. In the lungs, CO is removed and the blood takes up oxygen. The oxygenated blood returns through the pulmonary veins to the left auricle.
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- 2081 Shrawan · Grade increment · 4 marks
Write any two differences between artery and vein. Draw a diagram that shows pulmonary and systemic circulation.
Answer
Differences between artery and vein (any two):
| Artery | Vein |
|---|---|
| Carries blood away from the heart | Carries blood towards the heart |
| Thick, elastic wall; no valves | Thin wall; valves present |
Pulmonary and systemic circulation:
LUNGS (CO2 out, O2 in)
^ |
| pulmonary artery | pulmonary vein
| (deoxygenated) v (oxygenated)
Right auricle -> Right ventricle Left auricle -> Left ventricle
^ |
| vena cava aorta |
| (deoxygenated) (oxygenated) v
+<------- BODY ORGANS (O2 out, CO2 in) <-----------+
- Pulmonary circulation: right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> pulmonary veins -> left auricle.
- Systemic circulation: left ventricle -> aorta -> body organs -> vena cava -> right auricle.
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- 2081 Chaitra · Bagmati · 4 marks
Report of WBC, RBC and Platelet counts of a person is shown into following table.
Blood cells No. of blood cells W 30,00,000 X 3,000 Y 3,50,000
(i) Which of the blood cells is in normal condition?
(ii) Write a problem that arises due to the number of X blood cells.
(iii) If the counts of cell Y decrease and reaches 1,50,000 what would be the problem in the person?
(iv) Name the blood cell W.
Answer
Normal values: RBC 45 to 60 lakh/mm, WBC 4,000 to 11,000/mm, platelets 1.5 to 4 lakh/mm.
(i) Y (platelets, 3,50,000) is normal.
(ii) X (WBC, 3,000) is below normal. This is leukopenia: weak immunity, so the person gets infections easily.
(iii) 1,50,000 is the lowest normal value, so there is no problem yet. If it falls below this (thrombocytopenia), bleeding will not stop easily and blood clotting is poor.
(iv) W is the red blood cell (RBC, erythrocyte).
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- 2082 Chaitra · Bagmati · 4 marks
Report of blood test of a person is shown in a chart:
Blood cells number of blood cells/mm A 3,000 B 3,00,000 C 45,00,000
(a) What could be the problem in him?
(b) Write the name of blood cell 'B'.
(c) Which disease may occur if number of blood cell 'C' is too low?
(d) If he has a cut in his finger and bleeding does not stop, which one among A, B and C may have lesser than normal?
Figure: Table of blood cell counts for cells A, B, C (included in the text).
Answer
(a) A (WBC, 3,000) is below normal (4,000 to 11,000). He has leukopenia, so his immunity is weak and he gets infections easily.
(b) B is platelets (thrombocytes).
(c) C is RBC. If it is too low, anemia occurs.
(d) B (platelets), because platelets help in clotting the blood.
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- 2082 Chaitra · Lumbini · 4 marks
Some information about blood cells is given in the table below:
Name of blood cells Shape Nucleus Place of production X Biconcave absent Bone marrow Y Irregular present Bone marrow Z Spherical absent Bone marrow
(a) Among them, deficiency of which blood cell causes anemia?
(b) Among them, which blood cell develops immunity in the body?
(c) Among them, the excess presence of which blood cell in the blood shows the possibility of risk of heart attack?
(d) Among X, Y and Z, which blood cell will be less in the blood of a person suffering from AIDS?
Figure: Table of blood cells X, Y, Z with shape, nucleus and place of production as given in the text.
Answer
X is RBC (biconcave, no nucleus), Y is WBC (irregular, nucleus present), Z is platelets (no nucleus).
(a) X (RBC). Shortage of RBC or haemoglobin causes anemia.
(b) Y (WBC). It fights germs and gives immunity.
(c) Z (platelets). Too many platelets can form clots in arteries and raise the risk of heart attack.
(d) Y (WBC). AIDS (HIV) destroys white blood cells.
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- 2080 Chaitra · Sudurpashchim · 4 marks
Study the given figure of blood:
(i) Which type of them covers 55% part of blood?
(ii) Which of them is concerned with leukemia?
(iii) What is the abnormality called, when number of A decreases below normal level?
(iv) Which of them forms fibre like structure during its function?
Figure: Microscope picture of blood showing red blood cells, a white blood cell and platelets, with four labelled pointers A, B, C and D.
Answer
(i) Plasma forms about 55% of blood.
(ii) White blood cells (WBC). Leukemia is blood cancer in which WBC increase abnormally.
(iii) A is the red blood cell (RBC). When its number falls below the normal level, the abnormality is called anemia.
(iv) Platelets. During clotting they help form fibrin, a fibre-like network that traps blood cells and seals the wound.
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- 2082 Chaitra · Koshi · 4 marks
Study the given figure.
(a) Name the parts A and C.
(b) Write the name of any one type of protein found in D.
(c) What happens if the number of B cells in the blood of a person increases abnormally?
Figure: Microscope photograph of blood: labels A, B, C, D at the right edge; red biconcave cells (RBCs) dominate, with larger cells and small fragments, and plasma background.
Answer
(a) A is the red blood cell (RBC) and C is the platelet.
(b) D is plasma. A protein found in it: albumin (also globulin or fibrinogen).
(c) B is the white blood cell. If its number increases abnormally, it causes leukemia (blood cancer).
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- 2081 Chaitra · Madhesh · 4 marks
The results of the blood group test of two students are shown in the table. Identify the blood group of the student A and student B. What type of blood group is called A-positive and what type is called O-negative blood group?
Student A:
Antigen A B D Blood clot seen unseen seen
Student B:
Antigen A B D Blood clot unseen seen seen
Figure: Two tables, one for each student, giving blood clot seen/unseen against antigens A, B, D (included in the text).
Answer
Blood clotting (agglutination) with an anti-serum shows that the antigen is present.
Student A: clot with A and D, none with B. Antigens A and D are present, so the blood group is A positive (A+).
Student B: clot with B and D, none with A. Antigens B and D are present, so the blood group is B positive (B+).
- A-positive: RBCs have antigen A and also the Rh factor (antigen D).
- O-negative: RBCs have neither antigen A nor antigen B and have no Rh factor (antigen D).
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- 2082 Chaitra · Koshi · 2 marks
Study the table about the blood test of person X.
Person Antigen on RBC Antigen D X antigen A absent
(a) What type of blood group does person X have?
(b) If a person X needs blood, which antigen must not be present in donor's blood?
Answer
(a) Person X has antigen A and no antigen D, so the blood group is A negative (A).
(b) Donor's blood must not have antigen B (and also not antigen D, the Rh factor), otherwise the recipient's antibodies will clump the donor's blood.
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- 2080 Chaitra · Madhesh · 2 marks
If you find a person on the way who feels severe pain and pressure in thoracic region and feels difficult to respire, what will be your role to save the life of the person? What should a health worker do immediately after reaching the patient at the health centre?
Answer
The person is probably having a heart attack.
My role: Stay calm, make the person sit or lie in a comfortable position, loosen tight clothes, give fresh air and call an ambulance or take the person to hospital quickly. Do CPR if the person becomes unconscious.
Health worker: Immediately record pulse and blood pressure, take an ECG, give oxygen and emergency medicines (such as aspirin), and refer the patient to a hospital with heart care.
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- 2080 Chaitra · Lumbini · 4 marks
A person has severe pain in his chest, which is transmitting towards the neck and arms.
(i) Which artery is involved in this disorder?
(ii) How can it be tested without using x-ray, describe in short?
(iii) Which treatment method is done to place stent in the artery?
Answer
(i) The coronary artery is involved. It is blocked by fat deposits, so the heart muscle gets too little blood.
(ii) By an ECG (electrocardiogram), which records the electrical activity of the heart through electrodes on the chest, arms and legs. Blood tests and the treadmill test can also help.
(iii) Angioplasty: a thin tube (catheter) with a balloon is passed through an artery up to the blocked part. The balloon is inflated and a stent is placed to keep the artery open.
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- 2082 Chaitra · Gandaki · 2 marks
Identify the health problem which has symptoms like, sweating, feeling tiredness, difficulties in respiration, feeling intolerable pain due to stress in chest etc. Write a preventive measure of this problem.
Answer
The problem is heart attack (coronary heart disease).
Preventive measure: Eat a low-fat, low-salt diet, exercise regularly and avoid smoking and alcohol.
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- 2082 Chaitra · Bagmati · 1 mark
The result of a person's blood test shows more amount of sugar in his blood. Which of the following physical symptoms may have the person experienced?
(i) Joint pain
(ii) Deep pain in muscles
(iii) Excessive hunger and thirst
(iv) Heart attack
Answer
(iii) Excessive hunger and thirst.
High blood sugar means diabetes, which causes excess hunger, thirst and frequent urination. Joint pain and muscle pain are due to uric acid, and heart attack is a heart problem.
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- 2081 Chaitra · Sudurpashchim · 2 marks
Write name of diseases which have the following symptoms.
(i) Headache, reddish face, nose bleeding, sweating
(ii) Excess appetite and thirst, frequent urination, weight-loss
Answer
(i) High blood pressure (hypertension).
(ii) Diabetes mellitus (high blood sugar, caused by lack of insulin).
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- 2080 Chaitra · Bagmati · 1 mark
Which one of the following blood vessels carries blood from lungs to heart?
(i) Pulmonary vein
(ii) Pulmonary artery
(iii) Vena cava
(iv) Aorta
Answer
(i) Pulmonary vein.
The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left auricle of the heart.
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- 2080 Chaitra · Bagmati · 1 mark
What is pulmonary blood circulation?
Answer
Pulmonary circulation is the flow of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs through the pulmonary artery and back to the left auricle through the pulmonary veins, where blood is oxygenated.
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- 2080 Chaitra · Bagmati · 4 marks
A man pees in pan of toilet. After some time another man observes the pan and sees ants on the pan of the toilet.
(i) What is the reason that the pan has such condition? Explain.
(ii) How should the first man change in his day to day activities to reduce this condition? Give any two suggestions.
Answer
(i) Ants are attracted by sugar in the urine. The first man probably has diabetes mellitus: the pancreas makes too little insulin (or the body does not use it), so blood sugar rises and the extra sugar is excreted in urine.
(ii) Suggestions (any two):
- Avoid sugary and oily foods and take a balanced diet.
- Exercise or walk daily, and keep body weight normal.
- Get blood sugar checked regularly and take medicines or insulin as advised by a doctor.
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- 2080 Grade increment · 1 mark
From which part of heart does impure blood go to lungs for purification?
(a) Right Auricle
(b) Left Auricle
(c) Right Ventricle
(d) Left Ventricle
Answer
(c) Right Ventricle.
The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs.
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- 2080 Grade increment · 1 mark
What is the number of platelets in normal person?
Answer
Normal platelet count is about 1,50,000 to 4,00,000 per mm of blood.
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- 2080 Grade increment · 4 marks
A person has the problems like pain in joints, deep pain in muscles, burning sensation in skin, redness in skin and difficulty in movement and walking. What could be the reason of these problems in the person? What is the way to control and write any two actions to prevent from it?
Answer
Reason: These are symptoms of gout, caused by high uric acid in the blood. Excess purine in food (red meat, organ meat) makes uric acid crystals collect in joints and muscles.
Control: Take medicines as prescribed by a doctor, drink plenty of water and avoid foods high in purine.
Prevention (any two):
- Avoid purine-rich foods such as liver, red meat and some beans.
- Drink plenty of water and avoid alcohol.
- Exercise regularly and keep body weight normal.
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- 2080 Chaitra · Gandaki · 2 marks
Sketch neat diagram of human heart and mention two blood vessels connected with it.
Answer
Vena cava (from body) Pulmonary vein (from lungs)
| |
v v
+----------------+ +----------------+
| Right auricle | | Left auricle |
+----------------+ +----------------+
| tricuspid valve | bicuspid (mitral) valve
v v
+----------------+ +----------------+
| Right ventricle| | Left ventricle |
+----------------+ +----------------+
| |
v v
Pulmonary artery (to lungs) Aorta (to body)
Two blood vessels connected with the human heart:
- Aorta: carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.
- Pulmonary artery: carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
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- 2080 Chaitra · Karnali · 1 mark
Which part of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?
(a) Right Auricle
(b) Left Auricle
(c) Right Ventricle
(d) Left Ventricle
Answer
(b) Left Auricle.
Oxygenated blood from the lungs returns through the pulmonary veins to the left auricle.
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- 2080 Chaitra · Karnali · 1 mark
Write the full form of WBC.
Answer
WBC stands for White Blood Cells.
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- 2080 Chaitra · Karnali · 4 marks
The diagrams alongside show two main blood vessels. They carry blood into different parts of the body.
(i) Identify the blood vessel that has no valve and related with body parts other than lungs.
(ii) Between them which blood vessel causes heart attack due to blood flow obstruction?
(iii) Write any two differences between these blood vessels on the basis of pulmonary circulation.
Figure: Two cross-section diagrams of blood vessels labelled A (thicker wall, narrow lumen) and B (thin wall, wide lumen).
Answer
A has a thick wall and a narrow cavity, so it is an artery. B has a thin wall and a wide cavity, so it is a vein.
(i) A (artery) has no valve and takes blood to body parts other than the lungs (the aorta and its branches).
(ii) A (artery): blockage of the coronary artery stops blood flow to the heart muscle and causes a heart attack.
(iii) Differences in pulmonary circulation:
| Artery (A) | Vein (B) |
|---|---|
| Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs | Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart |
| Starts from the right ventricle | Ends in the left auricle |
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- 2080 Chaitra · Lumbini · 1 mark
Through which valve does the blood flow from right ventricle to lungs?
(a) Aortic
(b) Bicuspid
(c) Pulmonic
(d) Tricuspid
Answer
(c) Pulmonic.
The pulmonic (pulmonary) valve lies at the opening of the pulmonary artery and allows blood to go from the right ventricle to the lungs.
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- 2080 Chaitra · Madhesh · 1 mark
What does pulmonary artery do?
(a) Carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
(b) Carries deoxygenated blood from lungs to heart
(c) Carries oxygenated blood from heart to lungs
(d) Carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs
Answer
(d) Carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs.
The pulmonary artery is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood.
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- 2080 Chaitra · Sudurpashchim · 1 mark
Define blood pressure.
Answer
Blood pressure is the force (pressure) exerted by the blood on the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps it. Normal blood pressure is about 120/80 mm Hg.
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- 2081 Chaitra · Bagmati · 1 mark
Which valve controls the blood flow from right ventricle to right auricle?
(a) aortic valve
(b) bicuspid valve
(c) pulmonic valve
(d) tricuspid valve
Answer
(d) tricuspid valve.
The tricuspid valve (three flaps) lies between the right auricle and right ventricle. It lets blood flow from the auricle to the ventricle and prevents backflow.
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- 2081 Chaitra · Bagmati · 1 mark
Which medicinal plant has the antimicrobial property that can activate digestive process?
(a) Neem
(b) Heart leaved moonseed
(c) Asiatic pennywort
(d) Holy basil
Answer
(d) Holy basil (Tulsi).
It has antimicrobial properties and is used to treat indigestion and stomach problems by activating digestion.
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- 2081 Chaitra · Bagmati · 1 mark
What is the name of the blood vessel that carries blood from heart to different parts of the body?
Answer
The aorta carries blood from the heart to different parts of the body.
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- 2081 Shrawan · Grade increment · 2 marks
What happens when;
i. level of insulin is lowered in blood.
ii. having food with high purine.
Answer
i. When the insulin level is low, glucose cannot enter the cells, so blood sugar rises and the person gets diabetes mellitus.
ii. Food with high purine increases uric acid in blood. Crystals collect in the joints and cause gout (joint pain).
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- 2081 Chaitra · Gandaki · 1 mark
Why is it important to know a person's blood type before blood transfusion?
(i) To know person's overall health
(ii) To identify possible genetic disorder
(iii) To prevent the possible fatal risk of the person
(iv) To determine person's blood pressure
Answer
(iii) To prevent the possible fatal risk of the person.
If incompatible blood is given, the recipient's antibodies clump the donor's red cells (agglutination), which can be fatal.
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- 2081 Chaitra · Karnali · 1 mark
Which disease is caused due to the deficiency of white blood cells in blood suddenly?
(a) leukopenia
(b) haemophilia
(c) anemia
(d) leukemia
Answer
(a) leukopenia.
Leukopenia is the sudden decrease of white blood cells. Leukemia is blood cancer, anemia is RBC shortage, and haemophilia is a clotting disorder.
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- 2081 Chaitra · Karnali · 1 mark
What is the name of blood vessel that brings pure blood to the heart?
Answer
The pulmonary vein brings pure (oxygenated) blood from the lungs to the heart.
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- 2081 Chaitra · Koshi · 2 marks
Write the name of an animal having two chambered heart, write one characteristics of this animal.
Answer
Animal: fish.
Characteristic: it is cold-blooded and breathes through gills (its heart has one auricle and one ventricle).
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- 2081 Chaitra · Koshi · 2 marks
(i) Which chamber of the human heart receives pure blood?
(ii) Write the name of the main artery that takes pure blood from heart to different parts of the body.
Answer
(i) The left auricle receives pure (oxygenated) blood from the lungs.
(ii) The aorta takes pure blood from the heart to different parts of the body.
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- 2081 Chaitra · Lumbini · 2 marks
Write any two differences between rat and snake on the basis of structure of heart and reproduction.
Answer
| Basis | Rat | Snake |
|---|---|---|
| Structure of heart | Four-chambered | Three-chambered |
| Reproduction | Viviparous (gives birth to young) | Oviparous (lays eggs) |
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- 2081 Chaitra · Lumbini · 2 marks
Write any two examples of non-granular leucocytes.
Answer
Two non-granular leucocytes (agranulocytes): lymphocytes and monocytes.
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- 2081 Chaitra · Madhesh · 2 marks
How is open heart surgery done? Describe in brief.
Answer
In open heart surgery, the surgeon opens the chest by cutting the breastbone. The heart is stopped and the blood is diverted through a heart-lung machine. The surgeon repairs the heart (e.g. bypass of blocked arteries or valve repair). Then the heart is restarted and the chest is closed.
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- 2081 Chaitra · Sudurpashchim · 4 marks
Write name of three proteins found in plasma. Write the name of plasma which is obtained after the removal of plasma which helps in clotting of blood.
Answer
Three proteins in plasma: albumin, globulin and fibrinogen (prothrombin also).
Plasma without the clotting protein (fibrinogen) is called serum.
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- 2082 Chaitra · Bagmati · 1 mark
Lack of which component of blood causes anemia?
Answer
Shortage of red blood cells (RBC), or of haemoglobin in them, causes anemia.
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- 2082 Asar · Grade increment · 1 mark
To identify the blockage of coronary artery which of the following tests is suitable?
(a) test of blood pressure of the heart
(b) angiogram
(c) E.C.G.
(d) heart beat test
Answer
(b) angiogram.
In an angiogram, dye is passed through a catheter into the coronary arteries and X-ray pictures show blockages. ECG only shows electrical activity.
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- 2082 Asar · Grade increment · 1 mark
What is the problem seen in human health due to high uric acid?
Answer
High uric acid causes gout: painful swelling of joints and pain in muscles.
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- 2082 Chaitra · Karnali · 1 mark
Which of the following pairs is correct?
a. RBC i. Thrombocytes b. WBC ii. Erythrocytes c. Platelets iii. Leucocytes
(a) a-iii, b-i, c-ii
(b) a-ii, b-iii, c-i
(c) a-ii, b-i, c-iii
(d) a-iii, b-ii, c-i
Figure: Table matching RBC, WBC, Platelets (a, b, c) with Thrombocytes, Erythrocytes, Leucocytes (i, ii, iii).
Answer
(b) a-ii, b-iii, c-i.
RBC are erythrocytes, WBC are leucocytes and platelets are thrombocytes.
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- 2082 Chaitra · Karnali · 1 mark
Write a function of RBC.
Answer
RBC carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells with the help of haemoglobin (and carry some CO back).
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- 2082 Chaitra · Karnali · 2 marks
Study the given figures and write any two differences between them on the basis of defect of vision.
Figure: Figure A: eye with a concave lens placed in front, rays focusing on the retina; Figure B: eye without a lens, rays from a distant point converging at a point away from the retina.
Answer
Figure A shows myopia corrected with a concave lens; Figure B shows myopia without correction.
| Figure A | Figure B |
|---|---|
| Image forms on the retina, so vision is clear | Image forms in front of the retina, so distant objects look blurred |
| Defect is corrected by a concave lens | No lens is used, so the defect (myopia) remains |
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- 2082 Chaitra · Lumbini · 1 mark
What is high sistolic pressure?
Answer
High systolic pressure means the pressure in the arteries when the ventricles contract is above normal (above about 140 mm Hg; normal is 120 mm Hg). It is a sign of high blood pressure.
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- 2082 Chaitra · Madhesh · 1 mark
What is the cause of systolic pressure of blood?
(a) due to excessive pressure created in the heart.
(b) due to pressure produced in the left ventricle of the heart is transmitted to the artery.
(c) due to contraction of artery at the time of contraction of left ventricle.
(d) pressure produced at the time of contraction of ventricle.
Answer
(b) due to pressure produced in the left ventricle of the heart is transmitted to the artery.
When the left ventricle contracts, blood is forced into the aorta and the pressure produced is carried to the arteries.
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- 2082 Chaitra · Madhesh · 1 mark
Write a major risk factor of causing heart attack.
Answer
Smoking (also high cholesterol or high blood pressure) is a major risk factor of heart attack.
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- 2082 Chaitra · Sudurpashchim · 2 marks
Look at the table for 4 different blood vessels and answer the following:
Blood types Contains valve does not contain valve pure blood P Q impure blood R S
(a) Which one is pulmonary artery?
(b) In between P & R which one is responsible in pulmonary circulation?
Figure: Table of four blood vessels P, Q, R, S classified by pure/impure blood and whether they contain valves.
Answer
P = pulmonary vein (pure, valve), Q = aorta (pure, no valve), R = vena cava (impure, valve), S = pulmonary artery (impure, no valve).
(a) S is the pulmonary artery.
(b) P is responsible in pulmonary circulation (the pulmonary vein brings pure blood from the lungs to the heart), while R (vena cava) belongs to systemic circulation.
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- 2082 Chaitra · Sudurpashchim · 4 marks
Draw clear diagram of heart and label following parts:
(a) Blood vessel that carries blood from heart to lungs.
(b) The largest artery.
(c) Chamber of heart that collect deoxygenated blood.
Answer
Vena cava (from body) Pulmonary vein (from lungs)
| |
v v
+------------------+ +------------------+
| Right auricle | | Left auricle |
+------------------+ +------------------+
| tricuspid valve | bicuspid (mitral) valve
v v
+------------------+ +------------------+
| Right ventricle | | Left ventricle |
+------------------+ +------------------+
| pulmonic valve | aortic valve
v v
Pulmonary artery (to lungs) Aorta (to body)
(a) Blood vessel carrying blood from heart to lungs: pulmonary artery.
(b) Largest artery: aorta.
(c) Chamber collecting deoxygenated blood: right auricle.
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- 2079 Chaitra · Koshi · 1 mark
What are the percentages of plasma and blood cells in human blood?
Answer
Plasma makes up about 55% and blood cells (RBC, WBC and platelets) about 45% of human blood.
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- 2079 Chaitra · Bagmati · 1 mark
Among neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil and lymphocyte, which one is a non-granular leucocyte?
Answer
Lymphocyte. Neutrophil, eosinophil and basophil are granular leucocytes, while lymphocytes have a clear cytoplasm without granules.
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- 2079 Chaitra · Gandaki · 1 mark
Why does the left ventricle of the heart have a thick muscular wall?
Answer
The left ventricle pumps blood at high pressure through the aorta to the whole body, which is a long distance. It therefore needs a thick muscular wall to contract with great force.
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- 2079 Chaitra · Karnali · 1 mark
Which blood cell is the largest in size?
Answer
Monocyte, a white blood cell (leucocyte), is the largest blood cell.
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- 2079 Chaitra · Sudurpashchim · 1 mark
What is the byproduct formed in the chemical decomposition of purine in the cells of our body?
Answer
Uric acid is formed when purines are broken down in the cells. It is carried by blood and removed by the kidneys in urine.
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- 2079 Chaitra · Koshi · 3 marks
During a community based interaction program about high blood pressure, you were selected as a speaker. What answers do you give for the following questions asked by people of the community?
(a) How can I know that I am suffering from high blood pressure?
(b) What other two health problems might be caused by high blood pressure?
(c) What should I change in my lifestyle if I have high blood pressure? Write in a point.
Answer
(a) By measuring blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer. A reading that stays above about mm Hg (normal is about ) shows high blood pressure. Symptoms such as headache, dizziness and a pounding heart may also appear, but regular checks are the sure way to know.
(b) High blood pressure may cause heart attack (heart failure) and brain haemorrhage (stroke). It can also damage the kidneys.
(c) Lifestyle changes:
- Eat less salt and fatty or oily food, and eat more fruits and vegetables.
- Exercise regularly and keep body weight under control.
- Give up smoking and alcohol, and avoid stress.
- Take medicines regularly as advised by the doctor.
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- 2079 Chaitra · Bagmati · 2 marks
Which blood cell is responsible for clotting of blood? What is the number of that blood cell in a normal adult? Which disease is caused by its deficiency?
Answer
Platelets (thrombocytes) help in the clotting of blood.
A normal adult has about 1.5 to 4 lakh (150,000 to 400,000) platelets per mm of blood.
Their deficiency causes thrombocytopenia (with prolonged bleeding after injury).
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- 2079 Chaitra · Karnali · 2 marks
A blood vessel has a big lumen and its walls collapse when blood does not flow in it.
(a) Identify the blood vessel.
(b) What is the major function of it?
Answer
(a) It is a vein. Its wall is thin and it has a wide lumen, so the wall collapses when no blood flows.
(b) The major function of veins is to carry blood from the body organs back to the heart (impure blood, except the pulmonary veins which carry pure blood from the lungs).
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- 2079 Chaitra · Sudurpashchim · 2 marks
The diagrams show the condition of working of the heart.
Figure: Two diagrams A and B of the heart in different phases.
(a) Between A and B, which figure shows the diastolic condition of the heart?
(b) In condition B, from where does the blood come into the left auricle?
OR
Write any two conditions of the heart at diastolic condition.
Answer
(a) Figure A shows the diastolic condition, as the heart is relaxed and the chambers fill with blood. Figure B shows the systolic condition, when the ventricles contract.
(b) In B, blood comes into the left auricle from the lungs through the pulmonary veins.
OR Two conditions of the heart in diastole:
- The heart muscles relax, so the chambers expand.
- The auricles and ventricles fill with blood, and the bicuspid and tricuspid valves are open while the semilunar valves are closed.
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- 2079 Chaitra · Lumbini · 3 marks
Ramharidas has a problem of continuous bleeding in a simple injury. For solving this problem he went to hospital to test blood. The report of the test is given in the following table.
Blood cells Number per mm of blood R.B.C 38,45,000 W.B.C 9,500 Platelets 90,000
(a) Which blood cell is in normal condition in his blood?
(b) Which disease may he be suffering from?
(c) Does he have any other health problem according to the report? Write.
Answer
(a) The WBC count is normal. The normal range is about 4,000 to 11,000 per mm, and 9,500 lies within it.
(b) Platelets are very low (normal about 1.5 to 4 lakh), so the blood does not clot properly. He may be suffering from thrombocytopenia, which causes continuous bleeding even from a simple injury.
(c) Yes. His RBC count (38,45,000) is below the normal level (about 45 to 60 lakh per mm), so he may also have anaemia, with weakness, tiredness and pale skin.
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- 2079 Chaitra · Madhesh · 4 marks
Blood circulation is shown in the given figure. A and D are organs of the human body and B, C, E and F represent blood vessels.
Figure: Double circulation with A (heart side), D (organ), and vessels B, C, E, F.
(a) What is the name of part B?
(b) What is the function of D?
(c) What type of blood flows in F?
(d) What is the name of the blood circulation that occurs between the heart and part D?
OR
Write the names of the main parts of the heart which carry pure blood from the heart to the organs, impure blood from organs to the heart, impure blood from heart to lungs and pure blood from lungs to the heart.
Answer
A is the heart and D is the lungs, so the figure shows the pulmonary circuit.
(a) B is the pulmonary artery, which carries impure blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
(b) D (the lungs) purifies the blood: carbon dioxide leaves the blood and oxygen enters it (gas exchange).
(c) F carries pure (oxygenated) blood, from the lungs to the heart in the pulmonary vein.
(d) The circulation between the heart and the lungs is the pulmonary circulation.
OR
- Pure blood from the heart to the organs: left ventricle (through the aorta).
- Impure blood from the organs to the heart: right auricle (through the vena cavae).
- Impure blood from the heart to the lungs: right ventricle (through the pulmonary artery).
- Pure blood from the lungs to the heart: left auricle (through the pulmonary veins).
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- 2079 Chaitra · Gandaki · 4 marks
Blood circulation is shown in the human body. A and B are body parts and C, D, E, F are blood vessels.
Figure: Double circulation with body parts A (heart) and B (organ) and vessels C, D, E, F.
(a) Write the name of the blood vessel carrying impure blood in high pressure.
(b) What will happen if 'B' does not work properly?
(c) Describe in short the blood circulation between the heart and 'A'.
OR
Explain the main circulations of pure blood to the organs and purification of impure blood.
Answer
A is the lungs and B is a body organ supplied by the systemic circuit.
(a) The pulmonary artery carries impure blood from the right ventricle at high pressure.
(b) If B does not work properly, the organ is not supplied well with oxygen and nutrients and its wastes are not removed, so the body functions suffer and the person becomes ill.
(c) Pulmonary circulation: impure blood from the right ventricle goes through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. There carbon dioxide is released and oxygen is taken up. The pure blood returns through the pulmonary veins to the left auricle.
OR Systemic circulation: pure blood passes from the left auricle to the left ventricle, which pumps it through the aorta and its branches to all body organs. The organs take oxygen and nutrients, and the impure blood returns through the vena cavae to the right auricle. From the right ventricle it is sent to the lungs through the pulmonary artery, where it is purified and comes back to the left auricle.
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- CDC model paper 2080, Science and Technology · 4 marks
Write any two symptoms of high blood pressure and any two preventive measures.
Similar questions: High BP causes and prevention (2081 Chaitra · Gandaki)
Answer
Symptoms of high blood pressure (any two): severe headache; reddish face; nose bleeding; sweating; dizziness; blurred vision.
Preventive measures (any two):
- Reduce salt and oily food; eat a balanced diet.
- Do regular exercise or yoga, avoid smoking and alcohol, and avoid stress.
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- SEE 2080 model question, Set 1, Science and Technology · 4 marks
(a) What is an artery? Name the largest artery of human body. (1+1)
(b) Write two causes of high blood pressure. (2)
Answer
(a) An artery is a thick-walled blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to different parts of the body. The largest artery of the human body is the aorta.
(b) Two causes of high blood pressure:
- Obesity and excess salt or fatty food in the diet.
- Smoking, alcohol, stress and lack of physical exercise.
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- SEE 2080 model question, Set 2, Science and Technology · 4 marks
The composition of blood is shown in the given figure. Answer the following questions.
(i) Write the name of B.
(ii) Which disease may occur if number of A is less in blood?
(iii) What is the main function of C?
(iv) What is the life span of B?
Figure: Microscopic view of blood with labelled parts A, B, C, D: A is a large round nucleated cell (white blood cell), B is a biconcave disc-shaped cell (red blood cell), C is a small fragment (platelet), D is a large irregular cell.
Answer
(i) B is the red blood cell (RBC / erythrocyte).
(ii) A is the white blood cell (WBC). If it is low, leukopenia occurs and the person gets infections easily.
(iii) C is a platelet. Its main function is blood clotting to stop bleeding.
(iv) The life span of RBC is about 120 days.
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- CDC model paper 2080, Science and Technology · 2 marks
White blood cell of Renu's blood is found 2500 after examining her blood. What are the possible causes of this? Write any two causes.
Answer
Renu's WBC count (2,500) is below normal (4,000 to 11,000), which is leukopenia. Possible causes (any two):
- Viral infections such as HIV/AIDS, or other severe infections.
- Bone marrow problems or treatments like chemotherapy and radiation.
- Autoimmune diseases, certain medicines or malnutrition.
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- SEE 2080 model question, Set 2, Science and Technology · 2 marks
Valves are present in veins but not in arteries, why?
Answer
Veins carry blood at low pressure back to the heart, often against gravity (for example from the legs). The valves close and stop the blood flowing backwards.
Arteries carry blood at high pressure pumped by the heart, which pushes it forward, so backflow does not occur and no valves are needed.
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- SEE 2080 model question, Set 3, Science and Technology · 2 marks
Mention two functions of blood on human body.
Answer
- Blood transports oxygen, digested food, hormones and carbon dioxide and other wastes.
- Blood protects the body from germs (WBC) and stops bleeding by clotting (platelets).
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- SEE 2080 model question, Set 3, Science and Technology · 4 marks
Write any four functions of plasma.
Answer
Functions of plasma (any four):
- Transports digested food, hormones, vitamins and minerals to the cells.
- Carries waste materials such as urea and CO to the excretory organs.
- Proteins in plasma (fibrinogen) help blood clotting; antibodies protect against germs.
- Maintains water balance and blood pressure.
- Helps to regulate body temperature by distributing heat.
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Questions from SEE 2082 Science and Technology, 1041 Koshi (Board exam, Chaitra 2082 (scanned PDF, bilingual)), SEE 2082 Science and Technology, 1041 Madhesh (Board exam, Chaitra 2082 (scanned PDF, bilingual)), SEE 2082 Science and Technology, 1041 Bagmati (Board exam, Chaitra 2082 (scanned PDF, bilingual)), SEE 2082 Science and Technology, 1041 Gandaki (Board exam, Chaitra 2082 (scanned PDF, bilingual)), SEE 2082 Science and Technology, 1041 Lumbini (Board exam, Chaitra 2082 (scanned PDF, bilingual)), SEE 2082 Science and Technology, 1041 Karnali (Board exam, Chaitra 2082 (scanned PDF, bilingual)), SEE 2082 Science and Technology, 1041 Sudurpashchim (Board exam, Chaitra 2082 (scanned PDF, bilingual)), SEE 2081 Science and Technology, 1041 Koshi (Board exam, Chaitra 2081 (PDF; official answer keys exist on the bidhyamandir page)), SEE 2081 Science and Technology, 1041 Madhesh (Board exam, Chaitra 2081 (PDF; official answer keys exist on the bidhyamandir page)), SEE 2081 Science and Technology, 1041 Bagmati (Board exam, Chaitra 2081 (PDF; official answer keys exist on the bidhyamandir page)), SEE 2081 Science and Technology, 1041 Gandaki (Board exam, Chaitra 2081 (PDF; official answer keys exist on the bidhyamandir page)), SEE 2081 Science and Technology, 1041 Lumbini (Board exam, Chaitra 2081 (PDF; official answer keys exist on the bidhyamandir page)), SEE 2081 Science and Technology, 1041 Karnali (Board exam, Chaitra 2081 (PDF; official answer keys exist on the bidhyamandir page)), SEE 2081 Science and Technology, 1041 Sudurpashchim (Board exam, Chaitra 2081 (PDF; official answer keys exist on the bidhyamandir page)), SEE 2080 Science and Technology, 1041 Koshi (Board exam, 2080 (scanned PDF, bilingual)), SEE 2080 Science and Technology, 1041 Madhesh (Board exam, 2080 (scanned PDF, bilingual)), SEE 2080 Science and Technology, 1041 Bagmati (Board exam, 2080 (scanned PDF, bilingual)), SEE 2080 Science and Technology, 1041 Gandaki (Board exam, 2080 (scanned PDF, bilingual)), SEE 2080 Science and Technology, 1041 Lumbini (Board exam, 2080 (scanned PDF, bilingual)), SEE 2080 Science and Technology, 1041 Karnali (Board exam, 2080 (scanned PDF, bilingual)), SEE 2080 Science and Technology, 1041 Sudurpashchim (Board exam, 2080 (scanned PDF, bilingual)), SEE 2082 Science and Technology, GI-1041 (grade increment) (Grade increment, Asar 2083 (PDF)), SEE 2081 Science and Technology, GI-1041 (grade increment) (Grade increment 2081 (8 page images); month taken from the August 2025 post, check), SEE 2080 Science and Technology, GI-1041 (grade increment) (Grade increment 2080 (PDF)), CDC model paper 2080, Science and Technology (with answer key) (Official CDC model paper, pages 2-9; answer key pages 10-15), SEE 2080 model question, Set 1, Science and Technology (Model paper Set 1 (typed PDF, publisher not named, no answers)), SEE 2080 model question, Set 2, Science and Technology (Model paper Set 2 (typed PDF, publisher not named, no answers)), SEE 2080 model question, Set 3, Science and Technology (Model paper Set 3 (typed PDF, publisher not named, no answers)), SEE 2079 Compulsory Science (RE-111) Koshi (Board exam, Chaitra 2079 (2023), last year of the old course (scanned PDF, bilingual, 75 marks); only questions that fit the current outline were taken), SEE 2079 Compulsory Science (RE-111) Madhesh (Board exam, Chaitra 2079 (2023), last year of the old course (scanned PDF, bilingual, 75 marks); only questions that fit the current outline were taken), SEE 2079 Compulsory Science (RE-111) Bagmati (Board exam, Chaitra 2079 (2023), last year of the old course (scanned PDF, bilingual, 75 marks); only questions that fit the current outline were taken), SEE 2079 Compulsory Science (RE-111) Gandaki (Board exam, Chaitra 2079 (2023), last year of the old course (scanned PDF, bilingual, 75 marks); only questions that fit the current outline were taken), SEE 2079 Compulsory Science (RE-111) Lumbini (Board exam, Chaitra 2079 (2023), last year of the old course (scanned PDF, bilingual, 75 marks); only questions that fit the current outline were taken), SEE 2079 Compulsory Science (RE-111) Karnali (Board exam, Chaitra 2079 (2023), last year of the old course (scanned PDF, bilingual, 75 marks); only questions that fit the current outline were taken) and SEE 2079 Compulsory Science (RE-111) Sudurpashchim (Board exam, Chaitra 2079 (2023), last year of the old course (scanned PDF, bilingual, 75 marks); only questions that fit the current outline were taken). Answers are written for this site; check them against your class notes.
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