नेपालमा बसाइँसराइ तथा सहरीकरण

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another to live there, either permanently or for a considerable time, for reasons such as employment, education, marriage, security or better living conditions. It changes the population of both the place of origin (out-migration) and the place of destination (in-migration).

Types of migration

A. On the basis of boundary crossed

1. Internal migration: Movement within the same country. Examples are people moving from the hills and mountains to the Terai or to Kathmandu, and from villages to cities. It includes:
   • Rural to urban: from villages to towns for jobs, education and services.
   • Rural to rural: such as the move from hill districts to the Terai in search of farmland.
   • Urban to urban and urban to rural movement, which is less common.
2. International migration: Movement across national borders. It includes emigration (leaving one's country) and immigration (entering another country). Examples are Nepali workers going to the Gulf countries and Malaysia, or students going to Australia, Japan and the USA.

B. On the basis of time

1. Permanent migration: The person settles in the new place for good.
2. Temporary or seasonal migration: The person stays for a limited period, such as seasonal labour or work abroad for a few years before returning.

C. On the basis of will

1. Voluntary migration: People move by their own choice for better opportunities.
2. Forced migration: People are compelled to move by conflict, disaster such as floods and earthquakes, displacement or persecution.

D. Other types

• Step migration: moving gradually from village to town, then city.
• Return migration: coming back to one's original place.
• Chain migration: following relatives or friends who migrated earlier.

Causes and effects: The push factors are poverty, unemployment, lack of services, conflict and disaster. The pull factors are jobs, higher income, education, health facilities and security. Migration brings remittance, skills and exposure, but it can also cause brain drain, shortage of labour in villages, family separation, and urban crowding.

Long separation from the migrant worker causes loneliness, stress and emotional insecurity among the family members left behind, especially spouses, children and elderly parents.

International migration is the movement of people from one country to another country to live or work, either temporarily or permanently.

Planned land use, with separate areas for housing, business, industry, roads and open spaces, should be considered to build a well-organized city.

Foreign employment is the work in which a person goes outside his or her own country to a foreign country to earn income, usually under a contract or a work permit for a certain period.

Four Gulf countries where Nepali workers go for employment:

1. Qatar
2. United Arab Emirates (UAE)
3. Saudi Arabia
4. Kuwait

(Bahrain and Oman are other Gulf destinations.)

Foreign employment takes one or both parents abroad for years, so spouses live apart and children grow up without parental care, which weakens family ties and often leads to disintegration.

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another — usually from one region or country to another — in order to settle there, either permanently or for a long period. People migrate to find better jobs, education, safety, or living conditions.

Unemployment and natural disasters.

Migration is driven by push factors such as lack of employment opportunities in the place of origin and natural disasters like floods, landslides and droughts that make living difficult.